The One's attention goes to appreciating the excellence and elegance in anything such as a shape, musical score, a piece of art or a speech; to noticing and correcting errors; to identifying and adhering to standards of perfection in thought, feeling and behavior; to acting according to what is right or wrong; and to judging and criticizing oneself and others. The defensive coping strategy at the root of Type One's makeup is based on the internalization of a critical and judgmental parental voice. This voice is designed to call attention to and correct one's behavior before it becomes punishable. Major traits include a strong internal critic, a tendency to criticize or judge others, a concern with ethics and correct behavior, and the adherence to rules and standards. Ones also tend to be perfectionists and idealists. In terms of strengths, Ones are typically reliable, analytical, and moral. They often demonstrate integrity (consistent adherence to a set of values) and a desire to improve things for the good of all. They can be morally heroic, selfless, ethically discerning, dispassionate, fair and willing to sacrifice themselves for a cause or mission. Challenges for Ones include dealing with their own anger, managing their perfectionism, and being overly critical of self and others.

FAMOUS ONES

Jane Alexander, the culture of the Amish & the Puritans, Julie Andrews, Arthur Ashe, St. Augustine, NBC's Tom Brokaw, Sierra Club founder David Brower, William F. Buckley, John Calvin, Hillary Clinton, Confucius, Activist Daniel Ellsworth, Harrison Ford, Jodie Foster, Barry Goldwater, Author Lillian Hellman, Katharine Hepburn, Charlton Heston, St. Ignatius, Glenda Jackson, Peter Jennings, U.S. Senator John Kerry, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, Nelson Mandela, Miss Manners, Playwright Arthur Miller, Ralph Nader, the cultural aura of New Zealand, Switzerland & Singapore, Gregory Peck, Sidney Poitier, Emily Post, Colin Powell, Vanessa Redgrave, George Bernard Shaw, Maggie Smith, Dr. Benjamin Spock, Martha Stewart, Margaret Thatcher, Emma Thompson, Joanne Woodward, Mahatma Gandhi, Harrison Ford, George Washington.

As a heart-based type, the Two's attention goes to interpersonal relationships and paying attention to important people, to giving to others, and to gaining approval. The defensive coping strategy at the root of Type Two is based on giving and maintaining connections with important others in an effort to get one's own (often unconscious) needs met. Early in their lives, most Twos had the experience of not getting their needs met, especially their emotional needs. Major traits: Twos can be upbeat and cheerful, and they pride themselves on intuitively knowing what others need, often believing that they know what is best for others. However, this outward focus on others may mask a less confident inner self, Twos often have difficulty identifying their own needs or getting them met directly. Twos can be very empathic, friendly, and giving, and yet may become resentful if their generosity is not appreciated or reciprocated. Strengths: Two is the most purely interpersonal of all the Enneagram styles. Twos are most apt to conceive of life as a fundamental give-and-take between people, regarding all human beings as members of one vast family. Within this point of view, giving love becomes the most important thing a Two can do. They also tend to be competent and driven. Challenges: Twos often neglect their own needs, try to indirectly orchestrate the behavior of other people, and can be fearful of real intimacy with others.

FAMOUS TWOS

Tammy Faye Baker, Suze Orman, Celine Dion, Harry Belafonte, Child psychologist T. Berry Brazelton, Faye Dunaway, Mia Farrow, Ellen Burstyn, Leo Buscaglia, Danny Glover, Whitney Houston, Arianna Huffington, Jerry Lewis,  Susan Lucci, Florence Nightingale, Nancy Reagan, Marlo Thomas, Desmond Tutu, Lesley Ann Warren, Richard Simmons, Barbara Bush.

The Three's attention goes to setting goals and hitting their targets, to success and creating the "right" image in the eyes of others, and to doing rather than being. Type Three is the prototype of being identified with a persona. Thus, they often mistakenly believe that they are their façade. Although all the types do this to some degree, Type Three's character is formed around this mistaken identification with a desired image. The defensive coping strategy driving the Three is based on an early experience of being valued for what they did, not who they were. They perform and achieve in order to earn the approval and respect of others. Being preoccupied with doing, Threes can often be unaware of the fact that they numb themselves to their own emotions, because feelings can get in the way of doing and achieving. Major traits include an excessive focus on work and tasks, concern with image and the approval of others, and a competitive striving for status and recog-nition. Strengths: Threes can be industrious, energetic, and attractive. Challenges: They can be workaholics, unaware of their real feelings, and unable to slow down and simply be.

FAMOUS THREES

The cultural aura of America & Los Angeles, Politician James Baker, David Bowie, Jimmy Carter, Dick Clark, Lawyer Johnnie Cochran Jr., Magician David Copperfield, Cindy Crawford, Tom Cruise, Rebecca DeMornay, Nora Ephron, Werner Erhard, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Richard Gere, Bryant Gumbel, Actor Mark Harmon, Michael Jordan, Henry Kissinger, Carl Lewis, Vince Lombardi, Rob Lowe, Tiger Woods, Ali MacGraw, Elle MacPherson, Reba McEntire, Demi Moore, Oliver North, Master spy Kim Philby, Elvis Presley, Reporter/author Sally Quinn, Tony Robbins, Diana Ross, Jessica Savitch, Diane Sawyer, Arnold Schwarzenegger, William Shatner, Cybill Shepherd, O.J. Simpson, Will Smith, Wesley Snipes, Sylvester Stallone, Sharon Stone, Kathleen Turner, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Vanessa Williams, Oprah Winfrey, Natalie Wood, Halle Berry, Bill Clinton, Paul McCartney, Tony Blair.

The attention of Fours goes to what is missing and desired, to loss, to emotions, to drama, and to longing for the ideal and distant — thus, the sense that the heart is broken or damaged in some way. The defensive coping strategy centers around focusing on what is missing or lost as a way of avoiding feelings related to the hope for an idealized connection that may go unfulfilled. There is a focus on what is distant, special, and desired and an aversion to the ordinary, the mundane, and the everyday reality of what is. Major traits include a desire to feel special or unique, a concern with authenticity, a preoccupation with the search for the ideal forms of love or connection, and a wistful pleasure with melancholy. Unlike some other types, Fours tend to be comfortable with emotions and can be sensitive to the emotional tone of situations and relationships. Strengths: Fours can be emotionally strong, authentic, artistic, and sensitive. Challenges: Fours can be entitled, dramatic, dissatisfied in relationships, and depressed.

FAMOUS FOURS

Photographer Diane Arbus,  Francis Bacon, John Barrymore, Charles Baudelaire, Ingmar Bergman, Director Peter Bogdanovich, Jackson Browne, Singer Kate Bush, Leonard Cohen, Judy Collins, James Dean, Johnny Depp, Neil Diamond, the music of Pink Floyd, the cultural aura of France, Judy Garland, Martha Graham, Billie Holliday, Michael Jackson, Jack Kerouac, John Malkovich, Carson McCullers, Rod McKuen, Thomas Merton, Joni Mitchell, Jim Morrison Author Anaïs Nin, Laurence Olivier, Edith Piaf, Sylvia Plath, Edgar Allen Poe, Anne Rice, Poet Anne Sexton, Percy Shelley, Simone Signoret, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Singer James Taylor, Vincent Van Gogh, Suzanne Vega, Alan Watts, Orson Welles, Tennessee Williams, Virginia Woolf, Neil Young, Sarah MacLachlan.

The Five's attention goes to gathering knowledge and wisdom (akin to the symbol of the owl), to thinking and observing, to protecting inner resources and to warding off intrusions from the outside. Coping strategy: Typically, Fives were either neglected or intruded upon in early life, and so coped by withdrawing into themselves and creating boundaries to protect inner resources and prevent intrusive emotional and energetic demands. Major traits: Fives describe an inner experience of scarcity or lack, especially in terms of time and energy. They typically feel a strong need to hoard these resources and may become resentful when others threaten to impose on them, especially emotionally. Fives tend to be knowledgeable, emotionally detached, analytical, and objective observers. Strengths: Fives are often objective, calm in a crisis, knowledgeable, and analytical. Challenges: They may also be too emotionally detached, and their sense of inner lack often leads to withdrawing from others, creating excessive boundaries, and to the illusion that energy is limited and must be over protected.

FAMOUS FIVES

John Lennon, Issac Asimov, Ebenezer Scrooge, A.H. Almaas, St. Thomas Aquinas, Playwright Samuel Beckett, Author Paul Bowles, The Buddha, Director Tim Burton, David Byrne, Agatha Christie, Van Cliburn, Michael Crichton, Daniel Day-Lewis, René Descartes, Joan Didion, Joe DiMaggio, Amelia Earhart, Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein, T.S. Eliot, the cultural aura of England, Chess player Bobby Fischer, E. M. Forster, Greta Garbo, J. Paul Getty, Jane Goodall, Alfred Hitchcock, Anthony Hopkins, Howard Hughes, Franz Kafka, Director Stanley Kubrick, Cartoonist Gary Larson, John le Carré, Author Ursula K. LeGuin, Photographer Annie Leibowitz, David Lynch, Movie critic Leonard Maltin, Singer Natalie Merchant, Thelonious Monk, Georgia O'Keefe, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Al Pacino, Italian sculptor Paladino, Paul Gaugin, Stephen Hawking, Bob Dylan, Van Morrison, Ken Wilber, Ludwig Wittgenstein.

The attention of Sixes goes to questioning and doubting, to scanning their environment for signs of threat and danger, to searching for proof to confirm an inner sense of threat, and to creating worst-case scenarios. Coping strategy: Typically, Sixes grew up with authorities they believed were untrustworthy or unpredictable and felt they had to be watchful to survive. Consequently, Sixes have developed a keen ability to sense danger. There are two versions of Sixes: phobic and counter-phobic. Phobic Sixes are actively fearful, often withdrawing to feel safe, while still remaining vigilant. Counter-phobic Sixes may not be conscious of their fear (although it is still present), and instead automatically move to confront perceived threats or problems, as a way to prove that they are not fearful. In reality, both the phobic and counter-phobic reactions can be seen in most Sixes, although individual Sixes will tend to gravitate toward one end of the phobic versus counter-phobic continuum. Major traits: Most Sixes have a complex relationship to authority. They want authority figures to protect them, while simultaneously doubting the authority figure's willingness or ability to do so. They may also be fearful and anxious (phobic), or challenging and rebellious (counter-phobic). Sixes tend to suspect people's motives, and their concern with what can go wrong in situations can lead to procrastination. They can also be good troubleshooters and loyal supporters. Strengths: Sixes are often intuitive, loyal, analytical, and have the ability to challenge authority (counter-phobic) or see through false pretenses. Challenges: They may be overly suspicious or paranoid may project their own thoughts feelings and motives onto others, often have issues with trust, and may get stuck in self-doubt or excessive questioning.

FAMOUS SIXES

PHOBIC: Woody Allen, Kim Basinger, Chris Rock, Annie Lamott, Albert Brooks, Ellen DeGeneres, Teri Garr, Cartoonist Cathy Guisewite, J. Krishnamurti, Jack Lemmon, Actress/director Penny Marshall, Marilyn Monroe, Mary Tyler Moore, Bob Newhart, Richard Nixon, Anthony Perkins, Paul Reiser, Meg Ryan, Carly Simon, Suzanne Somers, Bruce Springsteen, Meg Tilly, Beach Boy Brian Wilson.

COUNTERPHOBIC: Ellen Barkin, Photographer Peter Beard, Warren Beatty, U.S. Politician Jerry Brown, George Bush, Sr., Comedian George Carlin, Judy Davis, Sally Field, Carrie Fisher, Mel Gibson, Gene Hackman, Adolf Hitler, J. Edgar Hoover, Dustin Hoffman, Tommy Lee Jones, Wynona Judd, Director Spike Lee, David Letterman, Charles Manson, Steve McQueen, Lee Harvey Oswald, Rosie Perez, Richard Pryor, Robert Redford, U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, Julia Roberts, Steven Seagal, James Spader, Patrick Swayze, Ted Turner, Sean Young, Russian extremist Vladimir Zhirinovsky.

The Seven's attention goes to options and possibilities, to seeking pleasure, to avoiding pain and discomfort, and their minds typically shift quickly from idea to idea, akin to a monkey's arms moving from one tree branch to another in rapid succession. Sevens like to keep the mood upbeat, and so engage in elaborate future planning, playful interactions, and enjoyable activities. They typically have many interests and active imaginations. Coping strategy: The Seven coping strategy centers on avoiding fear and other negative experiences. They do this by reframing something fearful, negative or uncomfortable as something positive. They may also move toward the source of fear or discomfort in order to charm and hopefully disarm it. Major traits: Sevens can be fast-paced, fun loving, imaginative, and afraid of commitment. They often become enamored with their own associational thinking style, enjoy adventure and stimulation, and believe in keeping the mood positive and forward moving. Strengths: Sevens are usually adventurous, fun, positive, upbeat, and optimistic. Challenges: It can be difficult for many Sevens to make and keep commitments or deal with pain: They often believe the following: Why feel bad or suffer when there is the choice to be happy? Sevens also have difficulty staying focused or dealing with emotionally charged interactions.

FAMOUS SEVENS

Comedian Steve Allen, Tim Allen, Desi Arnaz, Richard Avedon, Honoré Balzac, Humorist Dave Barry, Jack Benny, Milton Berle, Chuck Berry, Poet Robert Bly, Sonny Bono, Kenneth Branagh, Richard Branson, Jimmy Buffett, Michael Caine, Pierre Cardin, Jim Carrey, Chevy Chase, Maurice Chevalier, Buffalo Bill Cody, Director Francis Ford Coppola, e.e. cummings, Tony Curtis, Roger Daltry, Ram Dass, Gérard Depardieu, QVC President Barry Diller, Federico Fellini, Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson, Physicist Richard Feynman, Eddie Fisher, Errol Flynn, Peter Fonda, Malcolm Forbes, Bob Fosse, Clark Gable, Jerry Garcia, Ava Gardner, Carlos Casteneda's Don Genaro, John Gielgud, Dizzy Gillespie, Ruth Gordon, Cary Grant, Tom Hanks, Richard Harris, Goldie Hawn, Gregory Hines, Abbie Hoffman, Pianist Vladimir Horowitz, Jean Houston, Ron Howard, Futurist Barbara Marx Hubbard, Lauren Hutton, Clive James, Magic Johnson, Michael Keaton, John F. Kennedy, Sr., John F. Kennedy, Jr., "Galloping Gourmet" Graham Kerr, Ken Kesey, Val Kilmer, Comedian Alan King, Don King, CNN's Larry King, Comedian Robert Klein, Kevin Kline, Timothy Leary, Director Barry Levinson, Puppeteer Shari Lewis, Artist Roy Lichtenstein, Dudley Moore, Desmond Morris, Eddie Murphy, Jack Nicholson, Leslie Nielsen, Brad Pitt, Rajeneesh/Osho, Jerry Rubin, Rosalind Russell, Babe Ruth, Soupy Sales, Susan Saint James, Director Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg, Barbra Streisand, Lily Tomlin, Dick Van Dyke, Jerry Van Dyke, Kurt Vonnegut, Mick Jagger.

The Eight's attention goes to issues of power and control, to making things happen, to protecting the weak, and to fighting injustice. With an intense, authoritative, and sometimes explosive energy, they are usually ready to face any challenge. Coping strategy: As children, Eights often lived in combative environments where weakness was punished and they had to be strong to survive. As a result, Eights tend to lead with a strong and potent self-presentation and to hide or deny their own vulnerability. Major traits: Eights can be impulsive, excessive, dominant, and protective of others. They often move into action before thinking things through, express their anger more easily than the other types, and confront situations more readily than others. They seek the truth, but may confuse objective reality or truth with their own personal reality or beliefs. Strengths: Eights tend to be strong, powerful, commanding, energetic, and intense. Challenges: They can also have difficulty containing their own energy and anger, be controlling, and be unaware of their own vulnerabilities.

FAMOUS EIGHTS

F. Lee Bailey, Lucille Ball, Humphrey Bogart, Napoleon Bonaparte, Singer James Brown, Pat Buchanan, Richard Burton, Johnny Cash, Fidel Castro, Eldridge Cleaver, Sean Connery, Danny DeVito, U.S. Senator Robert Dole, Kirk Douglas, Michael Douglas, Moshe Feldenkrais, Mother Teresa, Russell Crowe, Indira Gandhi, Apache warrior Geronimo, John Gotti, George Gurdjieff, Director Howard Hawks, the culture of the Hellís Angels & the Mafia, Ernest Hemingway, Jimmy Hoffa, Saddam Hussein, Director John Huston, Joan Jett, Lyndon Johnson, Carlos Casteneda's Don Juan, Nikita Khrushchev, Norman Mailer, John McEnroe, Golda Meir, Robert Mitchum, General George Patton, Director Sam Peckinpah, Sean Penn, Gestalt therapist Fritz Perls, Ann Richards, Don Rickles, Geraldo Rivera, Axl Rose, George C. Scott, Frank Sinatra, Grace Slick, Donald Trump, Mao Tse-tung, , Denzel Washington, John Wayne, Jack Black.

The Nine's attention goes to connecting with others, maintaining harmony, peace, and comfort, and avoiding conflict. They typically enjoy the feeling of ease, harmony, and peace that they experience in nature. Coping strategy: Some Nines describe their childhood as one in which they felt overlooked or ignored and felt they had to go along with the wishes of others. Other Nines describe having had a pleasant childhood with almost no family conflict. In response to these environments, they learned to identify with others' positions, forget their own point of view, and go along to get along. As a result, while Nines can see many different points of view, they can have a hard time locating their own opinions, desires, or agendas. Major traits: Nines merge with others energetically, taking on the feel and positions of others, thus losing touch with their own internal experience and priorities. As one of the three anger types, Nines can be very out of contact with their own anger, which can leak out in the form of passive-aggression, stubbornness, and passive resistance. Typically they are more focused on others than on themselves. Strengths: Nines can be skilled mediators and loyal, steadfast partners and friends. They can also be warm, understanding and caring. Challenges: They can also have difficulty feeling and expressing anger, dealing with conflict, knowing what they want, and differentiating their experience from others in their lives.

FAMOUS NINES

Loni Anderson, the cultural aura of Bali, Tony Bennett, Ernest Borgnine, Matthew Broderick, Sandra Bullock, George Burns, John Candy, Art Carney, Julia Child, Gary Cooper, Kevin Costner, The Dali Lama Jeff Daniels, Designer Oscar de la Renta, Dwight Eisenhower, Columbo's Peter Falk, Gerald Ford, Annette Funicello, John Goodman, Tipper Gore, Elliott Gould, Charles Grodin, Audrey Hepburn, Barbara Hershey, Paul Hogan, C. G. Jung, Stan Laurel, Abraham Lincoln, Andie MacDowell, Mr. Magoo, Sancho PanzaRandy Quaid, Ronald Reagan, Psychologist Carl Rogers, Roy Rogers, Gena Rowlands, Jerry Seinfeld, Ringo Starr, James Stewart, Adam Sandler, Diana Krall, Mr. Rogers.